Climate

Climatology

• Global Air Circulation
• Mid Latitude Cyclones
• Tropical Cyclones
• Typical exam questions
• Regional climate
• Valley Climates
• Urban climates
• Synoptic Weather Maps

Fluvial Processes

Fluvial Processes and Landforms

• Orientation
• Stream Piracy
• Profile of a River
• Structural Landscapes

Rural Settlements

Settlement Geography

• Concepts
• Rural Settlement
• Rural Depopulation

Urban Settlements

Settlement Geography

• Concepts
• Urban Settlement
• Land Use Zones

People and their needs

People and our Needs

• Economic Activities
• Trade
• Globalisation
• Water as a Critical Resource

Mapwork and GIS

What is a Geographical Information System (GIS): Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4

Mapwork

• Calculations (area, magnetic bearing, gradient, cross-section)
• Interpretation
• GIS

Mapwork: Calculations

• Distance
• Gradient
• Area
• Magnetic Declination
• Magnetic Bearing
• Vertical Exaggeration
• Summary

Map Reading

• Exam Technique: Introduction
• Popular Exam Questionsfor Paper 2
  • Wind Direction
  • Dams
  • Direction in which a river flows
  • Lower Course
  • Inclined Layers, Scarp and Dip Slopes
  • Commercial Farming
  • Mining activities
  • Industries
  • Urban Rural Fringe
  • Map Orientation
• Exam Tips: Paper 1
  • Types of questions to expect
  • Short Questions
  • Data-Response Questions
  • Essay-Type Questions

General

How to tackle Geography 2010, Paper 1

• Tropical cyclones
• Global warming
• Mass movements
• How to answer the essay question
• River systems, flooding and river capture
• Rural depopulation
• Land use zones
• Urban problems
• Globalisation
• Food security
• Exam technique

Code of Life: DNA and RNA

Genetics

• DNA: Structure of DNA
• RNA: Structure of RNA
• Difference between DNA and RNA
• DNA replication
  • Mitoses and meiosis
  • Protein synthesis (1/4): orientation
  • Protein synthesis (2/4): transcription
  • Protein synthesis (3/4): translation (& mutation)
  • Protein synthesis (4/4): What to expect in the examination?

Genetics: Biotechnology

• Introduction
• Recombinant DNA Technology
  • Manufacturing of insulin (1/2)
  • Manufacturing of insulin (2/2)
  • Summary and applications
• Cloning
  • Terminology, types of cloning
  • Stem cells and therapeutic cloning
  • Uses
  • Pro and con
• Gene therapy

Inheritance and Genetic Disorders

Genetics

• Genetic Crossings (1/2): Terminology
• Punnett Square
• Homozygous, dominance, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles
• Sex chromosomes, sex and x-linked disorders
• Abnormal meiosis (1/1)

Monohybrid crossings

• Introduction
• Terminology and symbols
• Mendel's first law of segregation
  • Definition
  • Why garden peas?
  • Deductions
  • Crossing
  • Incomplete dominance & co-dominance
  • Determination of sex
• Wrapping up

Multiple alleles

• Blood groups
• Sex chromosomes

Sex-linked disorders

• Carriers and sufferers
• When is a woman a sufferer?
• Haemophilia
  • Pedigrees
  • Some questions
  • Offspring genotypes possible from a female carrier and a normal male
  • Offspring genotypes possible from a normal female and a male with haemophilia
  • Ethical implications if either partner has a history of genetic-linked disorders
• Different types of mutations
  • Albinism
  • Family tree

Evolution

Evolution

• Speciation
  • Terminology
  • What is speciation?
  • Allopatric speciation
  • Darwin's finches (allopatric speciation)
  • Sympatric speciation
• Human evolution
  • Our origins et al
  • Unique human characteristics
  • Time-line
• Out of Africa hypothesis: Part 1 | Part 2
• Lamarck
  • Introduction
  • Lamarck's first law
  • Lamarck's second law
  • Summary
• Darwinism
  • Introduction
  • Darwin and Wallace
  • Summary
• Darwinism and Lamarck: a comparison
• Why we accept Darwin's theory:
  • Part 1 | Part 2
• Summary

Support for Darwin's hypotheses

• Population & species: definitions
• Natural selection: explanation
• Sources of genotypic variation: meiosis, reproduction (fertilisation process itself), mutations (gene & chromosome), outbreeding
• Different types of mutations: point, gene multiplication, rearrangement, chromosomal
• Different types of mutations: summary
• Inbreeding: advantages and disadvantages
• Outbreeding: advantages and disadvantages
• Examples of variation to explain evolution
• Allopatric evolution
• Sympatric evolution and hybridisation

Evidence for evolution

• Fossils
• Vestigial organs
• Comparative embryology
• Comparative biochemistry
• Biogeography
• Human biogeography

Origin of wo/man

• Why humans are classified as primates?
• How are humans similar yet distinguishable from other primates?
• Bipedalism
  • Advantages
  • Anatomical differences (1/3) skeletal, muscular, semi-circular canals
  • Anatomical differences (2/3): cranium, brow ridges, snout, foramen magnum, pelvic girdles, big toe
  • Anatomical differences (3/3): dental arcade
• Australopithecus afarensis
• Australopithecus africanus
• Australopithecus sediba
• Homo habilis
• Homo erectus
• Neanderthalensis
• Homo sapiens

Life Processes

Eye

• Structure, function
• Lens system
• Pupillary mechanism

Ear

• Balance

Endocrine system

• Negative feedback system: Part 1 | Part 2

Menstrual cycle

Meiosis

• Importance (diploid to haploid, chromosome number kept constant, ensures genetic variety)
• The organs or structures within which meiosis takes place
  • Overview
  • Nucleus
• Phases of meiosis
  • Orientation
  • Prophase I (metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I)
  • Prophase II (metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II)
  • When things go wrong (Down symdome)
  • Past examination questions: March 2011, November 2011
• Human reproduction
  • Male reproductive system (1/4): introduction
  • Male reproductive system (2/4): structure of male reproductive system
  • Male reproductive system (3/4): structure of the sperm cell
  • Male reproductive system (4/4): spermatogenesis (the production of sperm cells)
  • Female reproductive system: structure of female reproductive system and oogenesis (production of the ovum)
  • Gestation (period of developing inside the womb between conception and birth) (1/5): fusion of sperm cell
  • Gestation(2/5): first 8 weeks
  • Gestation (3/5): umbilical cord, functions of the amnion and amniotic fluid, functions of the placenta
  • Gestation(4/5): 3 months to just before birth
  • Gestation(5/5): embryo and foetal growth until birth
  • What you need to know

Ovulation and menstruation

• Oogenesis
  • Meiosis I and meiosis II
  • Puberty
  • Ovulation and post ovulation
  • Summary of oogenesis
• The menstrual cycle:
  • Part 1
  • Part 2: Overview
  • Part 3: Detailed look (in English)
  • Part 4: Detailed look (repeated in Afrikaans)
  • Part 5
  • Part 6: Fertilisation
  • Part 7: Menstruation
  • Part 8: The rhythm method
  • Part 9: Questions

Population Ecology

Population ecology

• 4 dynamic parameters
• Graphs
  • Exponential/geometrical growth: J-curve
  • Logistic (Sigmoid) growth: S-curve
  • Possible questions
• Human populations

Investigations

• Planning, precautions, validity and reliability
• Scientific method
• Steps and tips for essay writing

Community Ecology (Interactions)

Community ecology

• Types of interactions
  • Predation
  • Competition
  • Resource partitioning
  • Symbiosis
  • Ecological succession

How to tackle Papers 1 & 2

• Overview of Paper 1, time management, question 1 (normal factorising, use of quadratic formula, simultaneous equations, exponents and surds, inequalities)
• Arithmetic and Geometric Progressions (arithmetic progression, geometric progression, sum of infinity, word problem)
• Number Patterns (quadratic number pattern)
• Exam technique, Functions (Graphs)
• Calculus, Cubic Graphs (first principles, derivative rules, equations of tangents, point of inflection, application of maximum and minimum)
• Linear Programming (constraints, profit function, search line)
• Overview, time management, statistics
• Analytical Geometry
• Transformation Geometry
• Trigonometry

Equations and Inequalities

Quadratics

• Paper 1 of 2010 Q. 1.1
• Paper 1 of 2010 Q. 1.2
• Paper 1 of 2010 Q. 2
• Paper 1 of 2010 Q. 3

Functions and Graphs

• Inverse Functions: Straight Line/Linear Function: Part 1 | Part 2
• Inverse Functions: Parabolas/Quadratic Function: Part 1 | Part 2
• Inverse of the Exponential Function
  • Revision
  • Positive Exponential Graph
  • Negative Exponential Graph
  • Exercises
  • Further Exercises

Financial Mathematics

• Simple Interest
• Compound Interest
• Future value: Example 1 | Example 2
• Present value
• Outstanding balance, Question 1.2 and Reflections

Calculus

Paper 2 (November 2008)

• Question 9.1
• Question 9.2
• Question 9.3
• Question 9.4
• Question 9.5
• Graphs in general

Calculus/Cubic Graphs

• Part 1
• Part 2
• Part 3

Calculus (Supplementary 2012)

• Question 8.1
• Question 8.2
• Question 9.1
• Question 9.2
• Question 9.3

Data Handling

• Overall structure & question 1 (statistics)
• Question 2 (statistics)
• Question 3 (using your calculator to establish the standard deviation)

Analytical Geometry

• Question 5 (Analytic Geometry)
• Question 6 (Analytic Geometry)

Trigonometry

Paper 2 (November 2010) (6/6): Question 9 (Trigonometry)

Basic Trigonometry

• Ratios (Sine, Cosine, Tangent)
  • Example 1.1 Paper 2
  • Example 1.2 Paper 2
  • Example 1.3 Paper 2
  • Example 2 Paper 2
  • Example 3 Paper 2
  • Example 4 Paper 2

Equations and Identities

• Foundation for the lesson
• Lesson 1, Example 1 (Question 4 completed)
• Example 2
• Example 3
• Example 4
• Tying up loose ends

Heights and Distances

• Quick overview of sin & cos rules
• Example 3.1
• Example 3.2
• Example 3.3
• Example 2.1
• Example 2.2
• Example 2.3
• Example 2

Graphs

• Overview/Recap
• Exercise 1 (Example 3)
• Exercise 2 (Example 1)
• Exercise 3 (Example 4)
• Question 12 November 2010, Paper 2
• Question 6 November 2009, Paper 1

Revision of Paper 2 (Supplementary 2012)

• Statistics Q.3
• Geometry Q. 6
• Trigonometry Q. 10

Physics

Vertical Projectile Motion: Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3

Work, Energy and Power: Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3

Relative Velocity

• Relative velocity and working with graphs: Part 1 | Part 2
• Conservation of mechanical energy and momentum, velocity: Part 1 | Part 2
• Forces, vertical projectile motion/velocity/work energy theorem
• Relative Velocity

Newton's Laws of Motion, Momentum, Change in Momentum

• Conservation of Mechanical Energy & Conservation of Momentum
  • Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5
• Conservation of Mechanical Energy & Conservation of Momentum (1/4)
• Conservation of Mechanical Energy & Conservation of Momentum (2/4)

Impulse

• Vertical Projectile Motion: Part 1 | Part 2

Chemistry

Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions: Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4

Chemical Equilibrium: Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3

Rate of Chemical Reaction & Chemical Equilibrium: Part 1 | Part 2

Rate of Chemical Reaction & Chemical Equilibrium: Graphs: Part 1 | Part 2

Galvanic and Electrolytic Cells: Part 1 | Part 2

Across the Curriculum

• Interpretation of Graphs: Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3